iNOS
iNOS is an inducible nitric oxide synthase that produces nitric oxide from L-arginine and acts as a key mediator of immune activation and inflammation[1]. Mechanistically, inflammatory cells such as macrophages produce nitric oxide mainly through iNOS during inflammatory processes, where nitric oxide functions as an innate immune effector molecule[2]. iNOS expression is regulated by inflammatory signaling pathways, including PKC, NF-κB, STAT3-NF-κB interaction, and PKCδ-IRF1 signaling, which connect cytokine or LPS stimulation to nitric oxide production[2][3][4]. In disease models, dysregulated iNOS has been linked to sepsis, cancer, neurodegeneration, pain, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, liver fibrosis, and neurological disease models[1][5][6][7]. Compared with nNOS and eNOS, iNOS differs by stimulus-responsive expression and high nitric oxide output, whereas nNOS mainly supports neuronal signaling and eNOS supports endothelial vascular regulation[8]. However, iNOS is not solely pathological, because traumatic brain injury models showed worse outcomes after iNOS inhibition or iNOS gene deletion[9]. For experimental applications, selective iNOS inhibitors remain useful tools for testing nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms, although no iNOS inhibitor is approved for human use[1].
References:
- [1]. Cinelli MA, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase: Regulation, structure, and inhibition. Med Res Rev. 2020 Jan;40(1):158-189. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Leppänen T, et al. Protein kinase C and its inhibitors in the regulation of inflammation: inducible nitric oxide synthase as an example. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014 Jan;114(1):37-43. [Content Brief]
- [3]. Yu Z, et al. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibits transcription of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene by interacting with nuclear factor kappaB. Biochem J. 2002 Oct 1;367(Pt 1):97-105. [Content Brief]
- [4]. Leppänen T, et al. Down-regulation of protein kinase Cδ inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase expression through IRF1. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e52741. [Content Brief]
- [5]. Kolios G, et al. Nitric oxide in inflammatory bowel disease: a universal messenger in an unsolved puzzle. Immunology. 2004 Dec;113(4):427-37. [Content Brief]
- [6]. Cinar R, et al. Hybrid inhibitor of peripheral cannabinoid-1 receptors and inducible nitric oxide synthase mitigates liver fibrosis. JCI Insight. 2016;1(11):e87336. [Content Brief]
- [7]. Gage MC, et al. Inhibitors of Src Family Kinases, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, and NADPH Oxidase as Potential CNS Drug Targets for Neurological Diseases. CNS Drugs. 2021 Jan;35(1):1-20. [Content Brief]
- [8]. Förstermann U, et al. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function. Eur Heart J. 2012 Apr;33(7):829-37, 837a-837d. [Content Brief]
- [9]. Sinz EH, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase is an endogenous neuroprotectant after traumatic brain injury in rats and mice. J Clin Invest. 1999 Sep;104(5):647-56. [Content Brief]
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iNOS Related Products (160)
Related Products (160)
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Necrosulfonamide
0 ImagesNecrosulfonamide is a MLKL and Gasdermin D (GSDMD) inhibitor, capable of separately inhibiting necroptosis and pyroptosis of cells. Necrosulfonamide does not affect the activation of upstream signals, but specifically inhibits the downstream executor oligomerization step. Necrosulfonamide reduces the expression of the key kinases NLRP3 and caspase-1 involved in necroptosis and pyroptosis, activate the Nrf2 pathway and the downstream antioxidant enzymes, and also downregulates a variety of inflammatory factors. Necrosulfonamide plays significant roles in various diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases (such as Parkinson’s disease), tissue damage and ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis and fracture repair, and hair loss by regulating two important programmed necrosis pathways.
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Human serum albumin
0 ImagesSynonyms: HSAHuman serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant protein in plasma and is a major determinant of plasma oncotic pressure. Human serum albumin exhibits antioxidant, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregation activities as well as colloid osmotic action. Human serum albumin can block the inhibitory effect of GML on human T cells, providing protective function for T cells. Human serum albumin is also associated with cardiovascular diseases and can partially prevent the LPS (HY-D1056) induced oxidative stress, as well as the upregulation of NF-κB, NF-κB, and peroxynitrite (ONOO−) in the vascular wall, contributing to the reduction of blood pressure.
This product is recombinant Human Serum Albumin expressed in a microbial expression system.
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Isoquercitrin
0 ImagesIsoquercetin (Quercetin 3-glucoside) is a naturally occurring polyphenol that has antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory properties. Isoquercetin alleviates ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses via the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant signaling pathway. Isoquercetin regulates the expression of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NO2) via modulating the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription regulation system. Isoquercetin has high bioavailability and low toxicity, is a promising candidate agent to prevent birth defects in diabetic pregnancies.
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1400W Dihydrochloride
0 Images1400W dihydrochloride is the dihydrochloride form of 1400W (HY-18730). 1400W is a slow, tight binding, and highly selective inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, with a Kd value ≤ 7 nM. 1400W inhibits iNOS induction in microglial cells, and reduces generation of NO, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and neuronal cell apoptosis in the rat cerebral cortex, and improving the spatial memory dysfunction caused by acute hypobaric hypoxia-reoxygenation.
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Agatolimod
0 ImagesSynonyms: ODN 2006; PF-3512676; CpG 7909; ODN 7909Agatolimod ((ODN 2006; PF-3512676; CpG 7909)) is a TLR9 agonist and immunomodulator with an EC50 of 180 nM against human TLR9. Agatolimod activates and upregulates the expression of both TLR9 and TLR6, and mediates downstream signaling pathways via IRAK4, IRF5, IRF7. Agatolimod induces Th1-type innate and adaptive immune responses, activates various immune cells and promotes antigen presentation, regulates antibody levels and immune cell infiltration, upregulates the secretion of multiple cytokines, induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, enhances cytotoxicity, and clears intracellular Salmonella. Agatolimod is applicable to research on COVID-19, breast cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, HPV-related tumors, melanoma, and salmonellosis.
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Arnicolide B
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N19215CAS No.: 34532-66-6Arnicolide B is a sesquiterpene lactone. Arnicolide B is isolated from Centipeda minima. Arnicolide B inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38 proteins in the MAPK signaling pathway. Arnicolide B reduces the production of inflammatory mediators NO, PGE2 and IL-6. Arnicolide B downregulates the overexpression of inflammatory proteins iNOS and COX-2. Arnicolide B has no effect on IκB-α degradation or NF-κB pathway activation. Arnicolide B is applicable to inflammation-related research.
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IAV-IN-5
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-183313CAS No.: 3038861-11-6IAV-IN-5 is an orally active inhibitor of influenza A virus (IAV). IAV-IN-5 inhibits viral replication, blocks virus-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and cytokine storm, and regulates host immune signaling pathways. IAV-IN-5 reduces viral load and inflammatory cytokine levels in lung tissues of IAV-infected mouse models, alleviates body weight loss and pulmonary pathological damage. IAV-IN-5 can be used in studies related to influenza A virus infection.
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Fucoxanthin
0 ImagesFucoxanthin (all-trans-Fucoxanthin) is a marine carotenoid and shows anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.
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L-NMMA acetate
0 ImagesSynonyms: Tilarginine acetate; Methylarginine acetateL-NMMA (Tilarginine) acetate is a non-selective and competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. L-NMMA acetate inhibits three subtypes, namely nNOS, eNOS, and iNOS, and reduces NO production. L-NMMA acetate alleviates mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and choroidal fibrosis. L-NMMA acetate is applicable to research related to nociception, bone cancer pain, and myopia.
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Ginsenoside C-K
0 ImagesSynonyms: Ginsenoside compound K; Ginsenoside K
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Chondroitin sulfate sodium (from shark cartilage)
0 ImagesSynonyms: Chondroitin polysulfate sodium (from shark cartilage)Chondroitin sulfate sodium (from shark cartilage), one of five classes of glycosaminoglycans, has been widely used in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Chondroitin sulfate reduces inflammation mediators and the apoptotic process and is able to reduce protein production of inflammatory cytokines, iNOS and MMPs.
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L-NIL
0 ImagesL-NIL is an inducible NO synthase inhibitor, with an IC50 of 3.3 μM for miNOS.
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Demethoxycurcumin
0 ImagesSynonyms: Curcumin II; Desmethoxycurcumin; MonodemethoxycurcuminDemethoxycurcumin is one of the main active ingredients of curcumin, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-cancer and neuroprotective effects. Demethoxycurcumin is orally active. Demethoxycurcumin can be used in inflammation, cancer and Alzheimer's disease research.
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STAT1/3-IN-1
0 ImagesSTAT1/3-IN-1 is a potent STAT1/3 inhibitor with potent anti-inflammatory effect. STAT1/3-IN-1 inhibits phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1/3 to modulate microglial inflammation, reduces LPS (HY-D1056)-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and inflammatory mediators (iNOS, COX-2). STAT1/3-IN-1 exhibits low toxicity in mice. STAT1/3-IN-1 can be used for the research of neuroinflammation.
